Slovník pojmů

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Securities representing a share in a company. They offer various types, returns and risks. A key instrument for long and short-term investing.

A fund that invests in stocks of various companies. Offers diversification, professional management and suits long-term investment goals.

A strategy where a portfolio manager actively picks investments to beat the market. Can deliver higher returns, often with higher costs.

ETFs that reinvest profits increase unit value, while distributing ones pay dividends. The choice depends on your investment strategy.

A metric gauging an investment's ability to beat the market return. Positive alpha signals outperformance versus the reference index.

A cognitive bias where investors rely too heavily on the first piece of information available, which affects their decision making.

A strategy for splitting a portfolio across stocks, bonds and other assets to optimise return and risk. Key to investment success.

The process of testing a trading strategy on historical data to estimate its success.

A prolonged decline in market prices, often by more than 20%. Usually accompanied by investor pessimism and weak economic data.

A metric measuring a stock's volatility versus the market. Beta above 1 means higher riskiness, below 1 lower volatility than the market.

A company's value based on its balance sheet, i.e. the difference between assets and liabilities.

A technical signal that appears when price drops below a key support level, which can mean the decline continues.

A break of an important price level on the chart. Usually signals the start of a new trend and is followed by technical traders.

A prolonged rise in market prices, often accompanied by investor optimism. Provides opportunities for growth-oriented investment strategies.

A long-term investment strategy of buying and holding assets without frequent trading. Suits patient, disciplined investors.

An institution responsible for monetary policy, regulating the money supply and the stability of the financial system. It shapes the economy.

A financial derivative enabling speculation on rising and falling prices without owning the asset. Offers leverage but carries high risk.

The yield difference between a corporate and a government bond of the same maturity.

An investment strategy of buying assets in regular instalments regardless of price to reduce the impact of market volatility.

A company valuation method that discounts future cash flows. Used to determine the intrinsic value of a stock.

The Debt to Equity ratio measures a company's financial leverage by comparing its debt with its equity.

A drop in the price level of goods and services in the economy. Often signals economic trouble and can discourage investing.

A strategy of spreading investments across various asset classes, sectors or regions to reduce overall investment risk.

The ratio of the annual dividend to the current share price. Expresses dividend returns in percent and is key for income investors.

A debt security in which the issuer commits to return borrowed money and pay interest. Used to finance companies and governments.

A fund investing in various types of bonds. Provides steadier returns, lower risk and suits more conservative investors.

A technical chart pattern suggesting a reversal to the upside. Forms when the price twice hits a similar low and then rises.

A technical chart pattern suggesting a reversal to the downside. Forms when the price twice hits a similar high and then drops.

A company's earnings before interest and taxes. Used to assess operating profitability and compare firms without tax distortions.

Earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation. A metric used to evaluate operating performance and compare firms within a sector.

The recurring phases of economic growth and decline. They have a direct impact on investments, employment, and economic policy.

The psychological factors that shape investment decisions. They include fear, greed, and the urge for quick gains.

The earnings per share metric. Calculated by dividing net profit by outstanding shares, it is used to gauge performance.

Investing that considers environmental, social and governance criteria. It combines returns with positive social impact.

An exchange-traded fund that replicates an index or sector. It offers low costs and high liquidity for investors.

A ratio of enterprise value to operating profit before depreciation. Used to compare company valuations across sectors.

The cutoff date for dividend eligibility. Investors who hold shares before this date are entitled to the next payout.

A stock's fair price derived from fundamental analysis. It helps investors spot undervalued or overvalued securities.

A strategy of selecting stocks by specific factors such as value, growth, or volatility to achieve higher returns.

A company's free cash flow after capital expenditures. A core metric for evaluating a firm's financial stability.

An index measuring investor sentiment. Extreme fear can signal opportunity, while extreme greed flags heightened risk.

Two key central banks - the US Fed and the European Central Bank. They steer monetary policy and global markets.

Government measures related to public spending and taxes. Used to steer economic activity and overall growth.

The fear of missing an investment opportunity. It often pushes investors into late-cycle buys and painful losses.

The ratio of share price to expected future earnings per share. Used to estimate a company's future valuation.

A pre-agreed asset price for future delivery. Widely used in derivative contracts and hedging strategies.

Fear, uncertainty and doubt spread across markets to sway investors. It can fuel panic-driven selling waves.

An agreement to buy or sell an asset in the future at a fixed price. Used for hedging or speculative trading.

The generally accepted accounting principles used in the US. They set the rules for preparing and presenting financial reports.

A measure of how an option's delta changes with the underlying price. Helps traders manage options risk effectively.

A company's gross profit, calculated as revenue minus cost of goods sold. It reflects the basic profitability of a firm.

An investment strategy focused on buying shares of companies with strong potential for revenue and earnings growth.

Gross domestic product, a measure of a country's total economic output. It tracks the value of all goods and services.

A private investment fund using advanced strategies to pursue returns. It typically faces lighter regulation than mutual funds.

A psychological phenomenon where investors copy the crowd instead of analyzing, which can inflate market bubbles.

The process of measuring and analyzing portfolio performance using metrics of return, risk, and diversification.

The total costs of a business, including both direct and indirect expenses linked to producing goods or services.

An investment strategy focused on generating stable passive income through dividends, interest, and other regular payouts from your portfolio.

A fund that replicates the composition of a specific market index. Offers low costs and broad investment diversification.

The rise of the price level in the economy, which reduces the purchasing power of money. Mild inflation is normal; high inflation is harmful.

The true value of an asset established through fundamental analysis of financial metrics, future cash flows, and long-term growth potential.

A situation where short-term interest rates exceed long-term rates. Often considered a reliable indicator that foreshadows an economic recession.

A structured security that combines different investment instruments to deliver a specific return or capital protection.

The period for which an investor plans to hold an investment before selling it. A key factor for choosing the right strategy and risk level.

Practice trading on a virtual account that lets you train investment strategies, backtest ideas, and build experience without risking real capital.

The process by which a company makes its initial public offering of shares on a stock exchange to raise capital from investors for the first time.

The profit achieved by selling an investment asset at a higher price than its purchase value. Usually subject to short-term or long-term taxation.

Systematic psychological errors and distortions that influence investment decisions, risk perception, and often lead to irrational financial choices.

A digital asset based on blockchain technology, such as cryptocurrencies, utility tokens, security tokens, or tokenized real-world assets.

Closing a trading position, either voluntarily or through a forced margin call, usually to secure a profit or limit a potential loss.

The ability of an asset to be quickly and easily converted into cash without significantly losing value or affecting its market price.

An instruction to buy or sell a security at a specified limit price or better, giving the investor precise control over the trade execution.

An investment strategy that bets on a rising asset price in the expectation of selling later at a higher level and realizing a capital gain.

A technical indicator that tracks the relationship between two moving averages of an asset's price to identify trends and potential reversal signals.

The difference between the cost and the sale price of a product or service, or the collateral paid when trading on leverage.

A pair of currencies traded on forex, such as EUR/USD, where the first currency is the base and the second is the quote.

A behavioral finance phenomenon where people split their money into separate mental 'accounts' and treat or spend them differently based on the source.

An investment strategy focused on buying assets with strongly rising price trends and selling them when the trend slows down or reverses direction.

A set of central bank measures that influence the money supply, interest rates, and the exchange rate to keep prices and growth stable.

The price at which an asset was originally acquired. Serves as the baseline for calculating the profit or loss when the asset is later sold.

The change in the value of an investment that has not yet been closed by a sale. Reflects the asset's current market price.

A profitability metric after subtracting all costs. Expresses the net income as a percentage of a company's total revenue.

An investment's return after deducting all costs, trading fees, and taxes. Shows the investment's true profitability and actual earnings.

A comparison of nominal return, which ignores inflation, and real return, which adjusts for inflation to reveal true purchasing power gains.

The total number of units of an asset traded in a given period. A key metric showing market activity, liquidity and investor interest.

The process by which a company repurchases its own stocks from the market, reducing the number of shares in circulation.

The gradual reduction of the book value of long-term assets due to their wear, tear or obsolescence. A key accounting concept for investors.

Derivative contracts giving the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price by a specific date.

The ratio of operating profit to revenue. Shows how much a company earns from sales after operating expenses and how efficient it is.

A psychological bias where investors overestimate their knowledge and skills, which can lead to flawed decisions and excessive risk.

The Price-to-Book ratio compares a stock's price to the company's book value. Helps spot undervalued or overvalued stocks.

The Price-to-Earnings ratio compares a stock's price to its earnings per share. Used to assess the valuation of companies.

The P/FCF ratio measures a stock's price relative to the company's free cash flow. Used to assess fair value and real cash generation.

The Price-to-Sales metric measures a stock's price relative to company revenue. Used when comparing peers in an industry.

A strategy of holding a diversified portfolio long term without frequent trading, typically using index funds or ETFs to track markets.

The share of profits paid out to shareholders as dividends, showing how much a company returns to investors and how sustainable it is.

P/E divided by the rate of earnings growth. Helps judge whether a stock is fairly valued given its expected future growth potential.

A financial market for short-term debt instruments with high liquidity and low risk, used by firms, governments and banks.

The collection of all investments held by an investor. It can include stocks, bonds, real estate and alternative assets for diversification.

Costs associated with the day-to-day running of a company, such as wages, energy and materials. They directly affect profitability.

A monetary policy in which a central bank buys assets to support the economy, increase liquidity and lower interest rates in the system.

Investment in research and development of new products or services. A key driver of innovation, competitiveness and long-term growth.

Adjusting portfolio composition to maintain the original target asset allocation in response to market changes and control overall risk.

A Real Estate Investment Trust – a company investing in properties that distributes most profits to shareholders.

A measure of investment return that takes into account the level of risk taken to achieve it.

The probability of losing part or all of an investment, or of achieving a lower-than-expected return.

The Return on Assets metric measures how effectively a company uses its assets to generate profit.

The Return on Equity metric measures profit relative to the equity that shareholders have invested in the company.

The Return on Invested Capital metric evaluates how efficiently a company uses its total capital for investments.

An accounting statement showing a company's assets, liabilities and equity at a specific point in time.

A US stock index tracking the 500 largest publicly traded companies in the United States by market capitalization.

Measures investment return adjusted for risk. Helps compare different investments considering their volatility.

An investment strategy where an investor speculates on a decline in an asset's price by selling it before buying it.

The process where interest is added to the principal and earns further interest, leading to exponential investment growth.

The current market price of an asset for immediate settlement of a trade.

An economic situation combining economic stagnation with high inflation.

An internal Stonkee metric evaluating investment quality based on multiple financial indicators.

A designation for a prominent investor with consistently above-average returns and influence on the markets.

Key price levels at which an asset's price tends to stop falling or rising.

A chart type showing an asset's price over time using candles that display open, close, high, and low prices.

Investing focused on a specific sector, trend, or theme, such as green energy or technology.

A line on a chart showing the overall direction of an asset's price movement over time.

The total income a company earns from the sale of goods and services over a given period.

The total market value of all of a company's outstanding shares, calculated as share price times share count.

The overall mood of investors regarding the market or a specific asset.

The process of adding interest to a borrowed or invested amount over a given period.

Percentage rates that set the price of borrowed money. They affect both the economy and investments.

The difference between the interest rates of two currencies, often used in currency strategies.

An agreement in which a lender provides funds to a borrower with an obligation to repay them.

A strategy of buying undervalued stocks with the aim of long-term appreciation. Based on fundamental analysis.

The degree to which an asset's price fluctuates over time. Higher volatility means higher risk and potential return.

A technical analysis tool showing the volume of trades executed at various price levels of an asset.

A financial statement showing a company's revenue, expenses, and profit or loss over a given period.

A comparison of a portfolio's return with the performance of the US S&P 500 index.

The gain from an investment expressed as a percentage or in monetary terms.

Weighted Average Cost of Capital. Measures the average cost of a company's capital from debt and equity.

A list of investment assets an investor monitors for possible future trades.

A psychological tendency to avoid losses more than seeking gains, which affects investment behavior.